Carbon Dioxide

So poorly understood, it's painful



"Originally designed to measure atmospheric water vapor and temperature profiles for weather forecasting, AIRS data now allow scientists to map the global distribution of mid-tropospheric carbon dioxide and its seasonal and interannual variation. AIRS data have shown that carbon dioxide is not well mixed in the atmosphere and that its transport around the globe is greatly influenced by the mid-latitude jet streams. The AIRS data have also discovered a belt of mid-tropospheric air containing enhanced concentrations of carbon dioxide, appearing most strongly between 30 and 40 degrees south latitude during the southern hemisphere winter season. This belt had not previously been seen in any chemistry transport model and has only recently been confirmed via in situ aircraft measurements. The process by which this belt arises is not yet understood."

2019 Piao Characteristics, drivers and feedbacks of global greening Vegetation greenness has been increasing globally since at least 1981, when satellite technology enabled large-scale vegetation monitoring. The greening phenomenon, together with warming, sea-level rise and sea-ice decline, represents highly credible evidence of anthropogenic climate change. In this Review, we examine the detection of the greening signal, its causes and its consequences. Greening is pronounced over intensively farmed or afforested areas, such as in China and India, reflecting human activities. However, strong greening also occurs in biomes with low human footprint, such as the Arctic, where global change drivers play a dominant role. Vegetation models suggest that CO2 fertilization is the main driver of greening on the global scale, with other factors being notable at the regional scale. Modelling indicates that greening could mitigate global warming by increasing the carbon sink on land and altering biogeophysical processes, mainly evaporative cooling. Coupling high temporal and fine spatial resolution remote-sensing observations with ground measurements, increasing sampling in the tropics and Arctic, and modelling Earth systems in more detail will further our insights into the greening of Earth. adapt More CO2 makes corals grow better Just like how some animals can regulate their internal body temperatures and osmotic pressures, new research has discovered some SPS corals can up-regulate their internal acid balance. The research offers hope that corals may better cope with ocean acidification as well as help explain why reef keepers are able to grow SPS in lower pH saltwater when using calcium reactors and CO2. arctic carbon Research into Carbon Storage in Arctic Tundra Reveals Unexpected Insight into Ecosystem Resiliency May 16, 2013 "We hypothesize that net soil carbon hasn't changed after 20 years because warming-accelerated decomposition has been offset by increased carbon inputs to the soil due to a combination of increased plant growth and changing soil conditions," coral Corals grow better in warm high CO2 water For cold water corals, warming is beating acidification to drive a growth spurt. crops We need more just to survive? The authors make the point that most plants evolved in a 7000 ppm Co2 atmosphere and atmospheric Co2 is at an all time low right now, what few plants remain are those that can cope with these low levels. But as levels go up, food production increases *without doing anything else* to the point that increased CO2 is the key do feeding the planet. Archived (local copy). crops2 Without more CO2 we can not feed everyone This paper points out that what we are doing now is insufficient to feed a soon to be global population of 10 billion. More CO2 is presently used to increase food production. decline "The precipitous decline in atmospheric CO2 levels ~ 30 million years ago" Evolutionary trajectories, accessibility, and other metaphors: the case of C4 and CAM photosynthesis Erika J Edwards, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect St, New Haven CT 06520-8105, USA "C4 photosynthesis and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism(CAM)are two alterations of the plant primary metabolism, and present two ofthemorestriking examples massive convergence in plants. The precipitous decline in atmospheric CO2 levels ~30 million years ago presented a global selection pressure on terrestrial photosynthesis(Edwardsetal.,2010).Atlow CO2 and high temperatures, photosynthesis becomes inefficient due increased levels of photorespiration. Land plants(primarily angiosperms)responded en masse, by evolving—well over 100 times — C4 and CAM photosynthesis(Fig1). Today, C4 and CAM plants play fundamental ecological role in the terrestrial biosphere, with C4 plants contributing up to ~23% of global primary productivity and CAM plants dominating vast areas of the arid landscape(Stilletal.,2003; Ogburn & Edwards, 2010). defense The demonized chemical compound is a boon to plant life and has little correlation with global temperature. The cessation of observed global warming for the past decade or so has shown how exaggerated NASA's and most other computer predictions of human-caused warming have been—and how little correlation warming has with concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide. As many scientists have pointed out, variations in global temperature correlate much better with solar activity and with complicated cycles of the oceans and atmosphere. There isn't the slightest evidence that more carbon dioxide has caused more extreme weather. foliage 2013: CO2 fertilisation has increased maximum foliage cover across the globe's warm, arid environments Satellite observations reveal a greening of the globe over recent decades. The role in this greening of the ‘CO2 fertilization’ effect – the enhancement of photosynthesis due to rising CO2 levels – is yet to be established. The direct CO2 effect on vegetation should be most clearly expressed in warm, arid environments where water is the dominant limit to vegetation growth. Using gas exchange theory, we predict that the 14% increase in atmospheric CO2 (1982–2010) led to a 5 to 10% increase in green foliage cover in warm, arid environments. Satellite observations, analysed to remove the effect of variations in rainfall, show that cover across these environments has increased by 11%. Our results confirm that the anticipated CO2 fertilization effect is occurring alongside ongoing anthropogenic perturbations to the carbon cycle and that the fertilisation effect is now a significant land surface process. flatline CO2 stopped rising. Nobody noticed this? 2012 SciDirect Man's contribution, negligible. Aug 2012 2015 CO2 has flatlined. 2016 CO2 flatlined for a second year in a row. 2017 CO2 emissions remain flat for a third year. 2019 Global energy-related CO2 emissions flattened in 2019 MIT MIT Technology Review also noticed Co2 hasn't risen in years. Next time read it's still rising, check the date. If it's ten years old then it's almost certain all of the information on that site is out of date and not accurate. NASA has already begun putting up disclaimers on some of its older data: "Disclaimer: This material is being kept online for historical purposes. Though accurate at the time of publication, it is no longer being updated. The page outdated information". Outdated information like: "CO2 is rising". forests Carbon dioxide emissions help tropical rainforests grow faster: Study shows trees absorb more greenhouse gas than expected Nasa study shows tropical forests absorb 1.5 billion tonnes of CO2 a year Rainforests absorb more than half of CO2 taken up by vegetation globally Scientists previously believed tropical forests emitted carbon dioxide Researchers claim their findings emphasise the need to protect rainforests from deforestation to help counteract human greenhouse gas emissions fungi Fungi pull carbon into northern forest soils Organisms living on tree roots do lion’s share of sequestering carbon "But scientists have not understood where exactly trees put their carbon. The issue becomes important when researchers build computer simulations that track carbon cycling." "Settled science" is not "poorly understood". greener Over the last two decades, the Earth has seen an increase in foliage around the planet January 2019 The world is literally a greener place than it was 20 years ago, and data from NASA satellites has revealed a counterintuitive source for much of this new foliage: China and India. A new study shows that the two emerging countries with the world’s biggest populations are leading the increase in greening on land. The effect stems mainly from ambitious tree planting programs in China and intensive agriculture in both countries. The greening phenomenon was first detected using satellite data in the mid-1990s by Ranga Myneni of Boston University and colleagues, but they did not know whether human activity was one of its chief, direct causes. This new insight was made possible by a nearly 20-year-long data record from a NASA instrument orbiting the Earth on two satellites. It’s called the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, or MODIS, and its high-resolution data provides very accurate information, helping researchers work out details of what’s happening with Earth’s vegetation, down to the level of 500 meters, or about 1,600 feet, on the ground. greening 2013: Elevated carbon dioxide making arid regions greener WASHINGTON, DC—Scientists have long suspected that a flourishing of green foliage around the globe, observed since the early 1980s in satellite data, springs at least in part from the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere. Now, a study of arid regions around the globe finds that a carbon dioxide “fertilization effect” has, indeed, caused a gradual greening from 1982 to 2010.

greenpeace Positive environmental effects of carbon dioxide This study looks at the positive environmental effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, a topic which has been well established in the scientific literature but which is far too often ignored in the current discussions about climate change policy. All life is carbon based and the primary source of this carbon is the CO2 in the global atmosphere. As recently as 18,000 years ago, at the height of the most recent major glaciation, CO2 dipped to its lowest level in recorded history at 180 ppm, low enough to stunt plant growth. This is only 30 ppm above a level that would result in the death of plants due to CO2 starvation. It is calculated that if the decline in CO2 levels were to continue at the same rate as it has over the past 140 million years, life on Earth would begin to die as soon as two million years from now and would slowly perish almost entirely as carbon continued to be lost to the deep ocean sediments. The combustion of fossil fuels for energy to power human civilization has reversed the downward trend in CO2 and promises to bring it back to levels that are likely to foster a considerable increase in the growth rate and biomass of plants, including food crops and trees. Human emissions of CO2 have restored a balance to the global carbon cycle, thereby ensuring the long-term continuation of life on Earth. (RJS - I take great exception with the last line, the case has not been made for this) leading Temperature forces CO2, not vice versa Temperature, among other factors, drives atmospheric CO2 much more than CO2 drives temperature. The rate of change dCO2/dt varies ~contemporaneously with temperature, which reflects the fact that the water cycle and the CO2 cycle are both driven primarily by changes in global temperatures (actually energy flux – Veizer et al). levels Evidence of variability of atmospheric CO2 concentration during the 20th century Since the 19th century, use of chemical methods has provided reliable atmospheric CO2 gas analyses results that have been obtained predominantly from the northern hemisphere. These direct chemical analyses results provide information on past atmospheric CO2 concentrations in addition to the modern direct atmospheric CO2 measurements since 1958 and the indirect reconstructions of past atmospheric CO2 from ice cores. Comprehensive literature indicates that the chemical methods have provided a systematic accuracy within ± 3 Vol% since 1857. Optimization through the 20th century resulted in numerous sampling round the world on land and sea resulting in systematic sampling and analysis of more than 90,000 CO2 values near ground, sea surface and up to the stratosphere when around 1960 the modern NDIR spectroscopic method was introduced. Comparison of measurements using old wet chemical and new physical methods in 1958 and 1967 on sea and land reveal a systematic analysis difference of about 10 ppm - new procedures compared to the old. Wet chemical analyses indicate that during the past 2 centuries there were three atmospheric CO2 maxima in the northern hemisphere. These maxima were as high as about 400 ppm in average over land and sea. The chemical analysis results indicate that atmospheric CO2 concentration – including its peak around 1942 – has about 80% correlation with the arctic sea surface temperature (SST) during the 20th century. Detailed analysis of CO2, weather and oceanographic data during the arctic warming since 1918 to 1939 indicate a strong warming of the Northern Arctic Ocean with a subsequent decrease of CO2 absorption in distinct absorption hotspots (e.g. near Spitsbergen) as a cause of the increased decadal atmospheric CO2 levels that is not seen in the ice core records. measure CO2 not well mixed in atmosphere - distorts measurements. Space CO2 measured from space Originally designed to measure atmospheric water vapor and temperature profiles for weather forecasting, AIRS data now allow scientists to map the global distribution of mid-tropospheric carbon dioxide and its seasonal and interannual variation. AIRS data have shown that carbon dioxide is not well mixed in the atmosphere and that its transport around the globe is greatly influenced by the mid-latitude jet streams. The AIRS data have also discovered a belt of mid-tropospheric air containing enhanced concentrations of carbon dioxide, appearing most strongly between 30 and 40 degrees south latitude during the southern hemisphere winter season. This belt had not previously been seen in any chemistry transport model and has only recently been confirmed via in situ aircraft measurements. The process by which this belt arises is not yet understood. more co2 As the earth heats up trees use more CO2 Study at woods hole showed that as the earth heats up trees use more CO2. more green NASA: Higher CO2 levels responsible for 'greening' Earth By Brooks Hays | April 26, 2016 at 5:08 PM http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v6/n8/full/nclimate3004.html natural Contribution of natural sources of CO Contribution of natural sources of CO2 - Salby. not Warming raises CO2, not the other way around: the evidence On August 2, 2011 Professor Murry Salby, Chair of Climate Science at Macquarie University in Australia with visiting professorships at Paris, Stockholm, Jerusalem, and Kyoto, made a presentation entitled Global Emission of Carbon Dioxide: The Contribution from Natural Sources showing that changes in atmospheric CO2 levels appear to be primarily related to natural temperature changes, not human CO2 emissions. o2 wot? "The maximum potential loss of O2 from fuel burning, when fossil fuel reserves (mostly coal) are exhausted is only a few percent of the atmospheric burden. Since even this loss will take many centuries to materialize, it's hard to see this as high on the list of possible environmental concerns. Fossil-fuel burning causes much larger relative changes in atmospheric CO2, which is much less abundant in air than O2." A few *percent" ? Percent? CO2 rises by ppm and is "much less abundant" but o2 can go down a few percent and it's not an issue. Pffft. ooops Forests soak up third of fossil fuel emissions: study "If you were to stop deforestation tomorrow, the world's established and regrowing forests would remove half of fossil fuel emissions," he told AFP, describing the findings as both "incredible" and "unexpected". space Viruses from Space, Fred Hoyle "The question of survivability of terrestrial type microorganisms in alien environments is not new. Seckbach and Libbey (Space Life 2, 1971, 121> exposed algae that simulated the atmosphere of Venus, CO2 at 50% and at a prsure of 50 Atmospheres in acid. The green algae Scenedesaus sp. produced larger cells and had higher activity in the simulated environment than the laboratory control. Cyanobacter caldarum a thermiphilic/acidophilic aglae collected from the acid suphate springs at Yellowstoe National Park thrived greatly in the simulated Cytherian atmosphere. It also produced larger cells than the control. trees Study: Emission of smog ingredients from trees is increasing rapidly "They found that areas where farmland has been abandoned during the last century have early generations of trees that produce higher levels of VOCs than older growth forests. In the South, pine plantations used for their fast-growing supplies of timber have proven to be havens for sweetgum trees, which are major producers of VOCs. Indeed, virtually every tree that grows fast -- a desirable quality for forestry production -- is a heavy emitter of VOCs." us methane Small 'hot spot' responsible for producing the largest concentration of the greenhouse gas methane seen over the United States