1979 Smith Selenium and Glutathione Peroxidase Distribution in Bovine Semen and Selenium-75 Retention by the Tissues of the Reproductive Tract in the Bull Selenium-75 retention expressed as cpm/g of tissue was determined for a total of 14 tissues. Epididymis (67,078 ± 4,787 cpm/g) and testis (33,459 ± 783 cpm/g retained the greatest amount of 75Se with the exception of the kidney (105,439 ± 5,936 cpm/g). Among the accessory glands, the prostate (15,927 ± 1,356 cpm/g) and the seminal vesicles (12,491 ± 986 cpm/g) contained the highest levels of 75Se. 1996 Ndiweni Effects of in vitro supplementation with α-tocopherol and selenium on bovine neutrophil functions: implications for resistance to mastitis "These results obtained in vitro may indicate the potential benefits of in vivo supplementation of dairy cows with vitamin E and selenium in terms of enhancing their natural resistance to mastitis." 2004 Givens Enhancing the selenium content of bovine milk through alteration of the form and concentration of selenium in the diet of the dairy cow Since estimated dietary selenium intake in the UK has declined steadily from around 60 µg day−1 in 1975 to 34 µg day−1 in 1997, there is a need to increase selenium intake from staple foods such as milk and milk products. 2014 Li The Changing Selenium Nutritional Status of Chinese Residents Abstract The selenium (Se) content in human hair is useful as an indicator of human Se intake and status. In this regard, when measuring the hair Se concentrations in Chinese inhabitants across northeast to southeast China, the results indicated that generally 84% of all residents have normal hair Se content. Between the sexes, the average hair Se content of males was higher than that of females, irrespective of districts. When comparing geographical regions, the average hair Se content of southern residents was greater than that of northern residents, regardless of gender. Historically, the overall hair Se content of today’s inhabitants decreased between 24% and 46% when compared with the inhabitants living in the same geographic region 20 years ago. The decrease of hair Se content may be related to the overall decrease of grain consumption and the lower Se content in the staple food rice. 1. Introduction Selenium is an essential trace element in human nutrition [1]. China, for example, is one of the 40 countries designated as low Se or Se deficient according to World Health Organization (WHO) [2]. The Se deficient areas account for 72% of the country’s total area, its deficiency affects over 70 million people who face the potential adverse health impacts due to Se deficiency [3]. Overt Se deficiency has caused serious health consequences in low Se areas of China, such as endemic Keshan disease (endemic cardiomyopathy) and Kaschin-Beck disease (endemic osteoarthropathy) [4]. Meanwhile, there is mounting evidence that suggests the importance of Se in the functioning of the immune system, counteracting the development of virulence, inhabiting HIV progression to AIDS, protecting against cardiovascular disease [1], mitigating and preventing the teratogenic effects exerted by such metals as Cd, Hg, Pb, and As [5], and even preventing the development of tumors and Selenium enters the food chain through plants and the amount of Se in foods is directly affected by Se levels in the soil in which they are grown [5]. Intake of Se varies considerably between countries and regions of countries largely due to the variability of the Se content of plant foods from one part of the world to another. Grain, as staple food, plays a crucial role in the food supply in China, and it is also an efficient way to provide Se to consumers, i.e., Korea [7], Japan [8]. In the last century, 70% of the Se intake of rural Chinese residents came from their staple diet [9]; after 2000, cereals were still major Se source food in the daily diet with the development of the economy, such as 23% in the Suzhou area [3], a developed area in China. 2015 Kim Exceptional time response, stability and selectivity in doubly-activated phenyl selenium-based glutathione-selective platform Improvement in fluoroscopic detection methods - 100x improvement in test sensitivity. 2015 Sanda Effects of Vitamins A, C and E and Selenium on Immune Response of Broilers to Newcastle Disease (ND) Vaccine "It is recommended that commercial poultry feed producers supplement feeds with higher than the 1994 NRC recommended levels of Vitamins A, C, E and Selenium to ensure better immune responses of birds to vaccination. This may reduce cases of vaccination failure in the country." 2018 Lenardo New Frontiers in Organoselenium Compounds 188 pages. Limited,but good, preview on Google Books. Posted on Researchgate but only as a mention, no file available. A good summary of the science so far but nothing new or earth shaking, really.

2019 Guillin Selenium, Selenoproteins and Viral Infection "Selenium is an essential trace element for mammalian redox biology. Numerous epidemiological studies have revealed an association between selenium deficiencies and the increased risks of developing several pathologies, including cancers, neurogenerative diseases, cardiovascular disorders and infectious diseases [1–13]. The ability of selenium supplementation to reverse or reduce these risks has been reported in many human or animal models" "The term “reactive oxygen species” (ROS) refers to series of side-products derived from molecular oxygen (O2) generated during mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in every respiring cells (Figure 1). ROS can also arise from exogenous sources including drugs, xenobiotics, metals, radiation, smocking and infection [35]. ROS consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of molecular oxygen. They include superoxide anion radical (O2 •−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•). At low concentration, ROS are also essential molecules in physiological processes such as cell signaling, proliferation, tumor suppression, and maintenance of the immune system. Oxidative stress arises when an imbalance between ROS and the cellular antioxidant defense system occurs (Figure 1). This could be due to an increase in ROS levels or a decrease in the cellular antioxidant capacity" "Food is the primary source of selenium intake for mammals, but only five molecules (selenocysteine, selenomethionine, selenoneine, selenite, and selenate) constitute the bioavailable selenium in food intake [9,11]. The recommended daily intake of selenium in adults is comprised between 50 and 70 µg per day. A repeated daily intake above 400 µg leads to selenosis and eventually death. However, in certain regions of China, continual intakes of ~1000 µg Se/day are not associated with adverse effects other than fragile hair and fingernails due to keratin disruptions" ajcn Brazil nuts: an effective way to improve selenium status "Selenium functions as a component of several selenoproteins in antioxidant and redox reactions, thyroid hormone metabolism, immune function, and reproduction (1). Marginal selenium status resulting in suboptimal amounts of one or more selenoproteins may be associated with increased risk from a number of conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, altered immune function, male infertility, inflammatory disorders, autoimmune thyroid disease, and viral infection (2). Moreover, there is growing evidence that higher than recommended intakes may confer additional health benefits such as reduction in chronic disease and enhancement of immune function (2, 3). Thus, the argument is strong for augmenting selenium intakes, and interest in foods containing high amounts of selenium or supplements is increasing (4)." Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups. One group ate two Brazil nuts each day (estimated to provide approx. 100 micrograms Se). A second group took a supplement providing 100 micrograms of selenium as selenomethionine per day, and the third group, who served as controls, were given a placebo pill. Blood levels of selenium and glutathione peroxidase (GPx - a selenium containing enzyme that is one of the body's most important antioxidants) activities were measured at the beginning of the study and at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. By week 12, blood levels of selenium had increased by 64.2%, 61.0% and 7.6%, respectively, in the Brazil nut, selenomethionine, and placebo groups. Plasma levels of GPx increased by 8.3%, 3.4% and -1.2%, and whole blood GPx by 13.2%, 5.3% and 1.9% in the Brazil nut, selenomethionine and placebo groups, respectively. Not only was consumption of two Brazil nuts each day as effective for increasing selenium status and enhancing GPx activity as 100 micrograms of selenomethionine per day, but just one Brazil nut per day would have been sufficient to raise dietary selenium intake to within recommended intake levels for the mineral. selenosis Selenium "toxicity" 2006 See One death from taking ten GRAMS of socium selenite at once 2010 MacFarquhar Selenium "toxicity" What happens we some pills are made that are 15x too strong? Bad breath and a tummy ache. soil Selenium and Soil Haug 2007 How to use the world's scarce selenium resources efficiently to increase the selenium concentration in food. Long 2015 Severe selenium depletion in the Phanerozoic oceans as a factor in three global mass extinction events Joy 2015 Dietary mineral supplies in Africa Usgs Linking Selenium Sources to Ecosystems: traditional Traditional and folk remedies containing selenium Bbs Bamboo salt Selenium has inadvertently been employed in traditional pharmacopoeia as an antiviral agent, most notably in Chinese Astragalus which is in very many traditional Chinese remedies. Not being aware of its antiviral properties it is regarded in America as a pest which in that context it is: "locoweed" as it's called, when grown in areas of high selenium when eaten by farm animals in excessive amounts causes the diseases "blind stagger" and "alkali poisoning" names coined no doubt in the 1800s. 2019 Vasireddi "...cystine, glycine and glutamate, as well as a minute amount of selenium..." We investigated the effects of a specific free-form amino acids formulation on Zika virus replication in two different cell culture model systems, one representative of humans and the other of Old World primates from whom Zika virus was first isolated. Here we present data demonstrating that the formulation of the specific free-form amino acid (FFAAP), comprising cystine, glycine, and a glutamate source, along with a minute concentration of selenium inhibited Zika virus replication by up to 90% with an ED90 (effective dose at which 90% of a dose of Zika virus was inhibited) of 2.5 mM in human cells and 4 mM Vero cells. The ED90 concentration of precursors was innocuous for uninfected cells, but resulted in reduced Zika virus replication by up to 90% at 2–5 mM concentrations in nonhuman primate cells and at 1–3 mM concentration in human placental cells. Two important observations were forthcoming: 1) Zika virus production was decreased by up to 90% in Vero and JEG-3 cells treated with FFAAP (ED90 4.0 mM, and 2.5 mM, respectively) throughout 48–72 h of post infection (hpi) compared to untreated infected cells and 2) Zika virus requires intracellular glutathione for replication in human placental cells, while showing enhanced replication in Vero cells with no glutathione. Relative increases in intracellular glutathione biosynthesis followed FFAAP treatment but blocking intracellular biosynthesis of glutathione in human cells resulted in virus inhibition in human placental cells. The blockade of biosynthesis actually increased Zika virus replication in Vero cells. These findings identify an efficacious inhibitor, FFAAP, of Zika virus replication in both human and nonhuman primate cells, while providing novel insight into the different roles of intracellular glutathione in Zika virus replication. Georgia State issued a press release about this. 1983 NRC-SS Selenium in Nutrition: Revised Edition. In this Page GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION COMMERCIAL SOURCES SELENIUM IN SOILS SELENIUM IN PLANTS SELENIUM IN ANIMAL FEEDSTUFFS SELENIUM IN WATER SELENIUM IN HUMAN FOODS