journals 2003 Ketsarian Persistence of vaccine-derived polioviruses among immunodeficient persons with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. 2007 Lancet Vaccine-derived poliomyelitis in Nigeria 2010 NEJM Implications of a Circulating VaccineDerived 2011 Vogel The World Health Organization (WHO) is contemplating discontinuing the use of an oral polio vaccine that’s been linked to ongoing outbreaks of the virus in the developing world. 2012 Burns Multiple Independent Emergences of Type 2 Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses during a Large Outbreak in Northern Nigeria 2016 Greenwood "Persistent human-to-human transmission of the live attenuated oral polio vaccine was only observed once the goal of global polio elimination approached" 2017 Hassan Vaccine-related poliovirus shedding in trivalent polio vaccine and human immunodeficiency virus status: analysis from under five children 2017 McCarthy The risk of type 2 oral polio vaccine use in post-cessation outbreak response 2020 CDC Update Cessation of all Oral Polio Vaccine use after certification of polio eradication will eliminate the risk of Vaccine Derived Polio Disease. media 1992 Strebel USA Since 1980 - 1992 zero wild polio cases - but 80 cases polio from the vaccine itself. 2004 WHO "stopping oral polio vaccine use as soon as it is safely possible to do so" 2007 NYT Polio in Nigeria Traced to Mutating Vaccine 2008 Wringe Estimating the Extent of Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Infection 2013 Grassly "the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) must eventually cease because of the risk of outbreaks of vaccine-derived polioviruses" 2017 Rotary Understanding the recent polio outbreaks 2018 The Economist "As of 2017 vaccine-derived polio cases now outnumber those from the wild polio virus" 2019 NPR what's troubling now is that there are currently more kids being paralyzed by cases of Polio from the vaccine than by the original "wild" variety. 2019 NYT More Polio Cases Now Caused by Vaccine Than by Wild Virus 2019 WHO-VDV WHO definition of a "vaccine derived virus" (vdv) 2020 NPR Sixteen African nations are battling outbreaks of what's called "vaccine-derived polio." This is a form of polio that comes from the oral polio vaccine itself.

outbreaks Some incidents of only vaccine derived polio outbreaks. 1963 Belarus "widespread circulation and evolution of independent lineages of vaccine-derived polioviruses took place in the region" 1968 Poland 464 persons became paralysed and, at least 90,000 people were infected with a vaccine strain of polio. 1973 USA "Hager contracted the disease from the vaccine and nearly died" 1980 Romania "patients with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis." 1983 Egypt Circulation of Endemic Type 2 Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus in Egypt from 1983 to 1993 2001 Hispaniola Spread of Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus from a Paralytic Case in an Immunodeficient Child 2001 Madagascar Reemergence of recombinant vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreak in Madagascar. 2001 Philippines type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus in the Philippines in 2001 2005 Minnisota Transmission of Imported Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus in an Undervaccinated Community in Minnesota 2005 Nigeria 315 cases of type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus occurred during July 2005–June 2010 2007 Fitzpatrick 2017 Congo DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO, CIRCULATING VACCINE DERIVED POLIOVIRUS 2018 Niger NIGER: CIRCULATING VACCINE-DERIVED POLIOVIRUS (CVDPV) 2018 Nigeria Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 – Nigeria 2018 Papua New Guinea CIRCULATING VACCINE-DERIVED POLIOVIRUS TYPE 1 CONFIRMED IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA 2018 Somalia Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 – Somalia 2020 Sudan-Chad The World Health Organization says a new polio outbreak in Sudan is linked to an ongoing vaccine-sparked epidemic in Chad 2019 Africa Polio outbreaks in Africa caused by mutation of strain in vaccine 2019 Pakistan One child gets polio from a vaccine, infects 11 others and now 12 children are paralyzed for life by one shot of the polio vaccine, for a virus that was already extinct in that country. Government attempted to cover it up. It's been known since the outset that the polio vaccines sometimes gives people polio and that vaccinated people can infect others for up to a year. The rate at which is does this is increasing. Initially it was 1 in 2.5 million, then it became 1 in a million. As of 2018, paralytic polio from vaccines is the dominant type; there are more cases of vaccine derived polio now than of wild polio. In many countries wild polio appears to be extinct yet vaccine derived polio lingers.