Without competition or some other causal factor evolution has no reason to change anything. Just as Pachypanchax playfairi as the sole freshwater fish in the Seychelles Islands hasn't evolved in 80 million years, virus don't evolve in a vacuum and are affected by all other viruses. This is the idea Willard is pursuing in response to Perrin.

One possible explanation of the difference between mouse and human response to drugs may be in one of the other obvious differences mice and people: mice have ideal diets. 100 mice in a lab all eat the same thing. 100 people do not. You'd be lucky to find two the same outside of a family setting and withing that setting trends common to one particular home or family get lost in the overall bigger picture.

We should be able to pull blood from these mice an find nominal serum values for all essential nutrients, enzymes, minerals nd lipds nd out of 100 mice can expect to see nominal values for everything.

If one mouse isn't up to snuff, get rid of it, you can not test on sick mice.

Now that we know we have good working mouse models a drug can be tested. If it works it can be tested on people. But here is the flaw in the thinking there: we can not assume if we pull the blood of 100 people that we're going to see nominal values. Nutriment levels and antioxidant scores are going to diverge widely between, say a chronic kale eater and a junk food fan.

One wonders how many drugs were thrown out like the baby with the bathwater simply because we tested on clean perfect mice but in humans with esoteric deficiencies they're not perfectly healthy and the drug may not interact with unhealthy systems the same say, things is depends on may not be there. Levels of esoteric substances that are perfectly normal and within range for mice only 12 weeks old fed a flawless diet do not bear much similarity to humans who may have a lifetime deficiency of one thing or another and the expectation of the same perfectly working systems in mice to not mean much with humans whose vital levels of various things we simly do not check and assume if they're healthy they mad have nominal serum values.

This is further complicated by the fact that without a baseline reading of, for example, antioxidant stores to ensure the ox/redox cycle involving precursors and enzymes required for proper functioning of the immune system is intact. As precursor stores are depleted how the virus acts can change - look at selenium for example whose deficiently makes pathogenic viruses even more pathogenic.

To add insult to injury it's recently be proven that the threshold level of Se is 98 mcg, the US RDA recently got bumped down from 70 to 55. This new limit is still above what most people measure out at. It should be at least 150, 200 is better. Keep in mind you'll get hundreds of times that in a handfil of brazil nuts that has about 1200. The potential for overdose has been vastly overstated and is based on chronic exposure not an acute dose. There's a big difference in living near pollution so bad it's been 400 since birth and a one day occurrence because somebody ate two handful of Brazil nuts once.

When the delicate balance that maintains the regeneration of the body's antioxidant pathways and broken or operating very inefficiently life support systems must aim to restore vital substances to proper levels to ensure more than just what's in Ringers solution. The Ascorbate/Tocopherol/Selenium/Glutathione pathways must measure out at nominal levels or the whole thing is off and nothing can be expected to work properly.